溯源体系解释Interpretation of traceability system
所谓的溯源，其实就是一种可追溯体系，就是“根据或利用已记录的标识(这种标识对每一批产品都具有唯一性，即标识和被追溯对象间是一一对应关系，同时，标识已作为记录被保存)追溯产品的历史(如该产品的原材料等)、应用情况、所处场所或类似产品或活动的能力。”The so-called traceability is actually a traceability system, which is " the ability to trace back the history ( such as the raw materials of the product ), application, location or similar products or activities of the product according to or using the recorded marks ( which are unique to each batch of products, i.e. there is a one-to-one correspondence between the marks and the traced objects, and at the same time, the marks have been saved as records )."
可追溯包括2个途径：跟踪(Tracking)和追溯(Tracing)。跟踪指的是产品从供应链的上游至下游的正向流通，跟随一个特定的单元或一批产品运行路径的能力。追溯则是指产品从供应链下游至上游的逆向流通，即识别一个特定的单元或一批产品来源的能力，就是通过记录标识的方法回溯某个实体来历、用途和位置的能力。Traceability includes two ways: Tracking and Tracing. Tracking refers to the ability of products to flow forward from upstream to downstream of the supply chain and follow a specific unit or batch of products. Tracing refers to the reverse circulation of products from downstream to upstream of the supply chain, that is, the ability to identify the source of a specific unit or batch of products, that is, the ability to trace back the origin, use and location of an entity by recording identification.
溯源体系定义Definition of traceability system
国际标准化组织(ISO)把可追溯性的概念定义为：通过登记的识别码，对商品或行为的历史和使用或位置予以追踪的能力。建立相应的追溯体系，确保出现安全质量问题时能够追本溯源，找出问题症结所在，及时解决。将产品纳入追溯体系的两条途径是：一条按照产业链从前往后进行追踪（Tracking），即从原粮种植基地、收购商、运输商、加工企业、到销售商。这种方法主要用于查找质量安全问题的原因，确定产品的原产地和特征；另一种是按食品链从后往前进行追溯（Tracing），也就是消费者购买的产品发现了质量问题，可以层层反向进行追溯，最终确定问题所在。这种方法主要用于问题产品召回和责任的追溯。The International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) defines the concept of traceability as the ability to track the history and use or location of goods or behaviors through registered identification codes. Establish a corresponding traceability system to ensure that safety and quality problems can be traced back to the source, find out the crux of the problem and solve it in time. There are two ways to bring products into the traceability system: one is to Tracking them from the beginning to the end according to the industrial chain, i.e. from the original grain planting base, acquirers, transporters, processing enterprises and distributors. This method is mainly used to find out the causes of quality and safety problems and determine the origin and characteristics of products. The other is Tracing from the back to the front according to the food chain, that is, if a quality problem is found in a product purchased by a consumer, tracing can be carried out in reverse layers to finally determine the problem. This method is mainly used for recalling defective products and tracing responsibilities.
食品可追溯体系，就是为了对食品实现从农田到餐桌全部过程的有效控制,保证食品的质量安全而实施的对食品质量的全程监控。如果发现某种食品存在问题，监管机关可以通过电脑记录很快查找到食品的来源。一旦发生重大食品安全事故，主管部门可以立即开展调查并确定可能受事故影响的范围、事故的危害程度，及时通知公众并紧急召回已流通的问题食品,在全国范围内统筹安排控制事态发展，最大限度地保护公众身体健康和生命安全。食品就像有了自己的“身份证”，只要将食品身上的条形码在POS机上进行扫描，我们就可追溯到食品的出产地、生长地甚至基因等情况。Food traceability system is the whole process of monitoring food quality in order to effectively control the whole process of food from farmland to dining table and ensure food quality and safety. If there is a problem with a certain food, the regulatory authority can quickly find the source of the food through computer records. In the event of a major food safety accident, the competent department can immediately carry out an investigation and determine the scope of the possible impact of the accident and the degree of harm caused by the accident, promptly notify the public and recall the problem food in circulation in an emergency manner, make overall arrangements to control the development of the situation nationwide, and protect the public's health and life safety to the greatest extent. Food is like having one's own " ID card". As long as the barcode on food is scanned on the POS machine, we can trace back to the place of origin, growth and even genes of food.
体系建设意义Significance of System Construction
“民以食为天”，但近几年的食品市场一再出现，使消费者忧心忡仲,动辄引发行业性震动，食品链的整体安全性也一再被提及。长期以来，在食品安全控制方面,国际上通用的方法是HACCP (危害分析与关键控制点)、GMP(良好加工操作规范)和IS09000，这些技术主要是对食品的生产、加工环境进行控制，以确保食品在整个生产过程中免受可能发生的生物、化学、物理因素的危害，将可能发生的危害消除在生产过程中。直到1997年“疯牛病”发生，人们才始总到以上技术不能对在流通过程屮出现的问题进行监控，并在问题发牛后快速、淮确地找出问题根源所在，从而及时釆取有效措施，减少对人们的更大损害，并明确、追究相关主体的责任。因此，对食品从生产到消费的供应链进行全程跟踪，确保在问题发生后能够进行追溯，成为监控食品安全、保障消费者健康的必要手段，而这也正是广大消费者的期望所在。在这种情况下,欧盟为解决此问题，逐步建立并完善起来的食品安全管理制度便是最早的食品安全溯源体系。这套食品安全管理制度由政府进行推动，覆盖食品生产基地、食品加工企业、食品终端销售等整个食品产业链条的上下游，通过类似银行取款机系统的专用硬件设备进行信息共享，服务于最终消费者。" Food is the most important thing for the people", but the food market has appeared repeatedly in recent years, making consumers worried, causing frequent industrial shocks, and the overall safety of the food chain has been mentioned again and again. For a long time, HACCP ( Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point ), GMP ( Good Manufacturing Practice ) and IS09000 have been widely used in food safety control. These technologies mainly control the production and processing environment of food to ensure that food is protected from possible biological, chemical and physical factors during the whole production process and possible hazards are eliminated in the production process. It was not until the " mad cow disease" occurred in 1997 that people realized that the above technologies could not monitor the problems occurring in the circulation process, and quickly and surely find out the root causes of the problems after the problems occurred, so as to take effective measures in time to reduce greater damage to people and to clarify and investigate the responsibilities of relevant subjects. Therefore, tracking the entire food supply chain from production to consumption to ensure traceability after problems occur becomes a necessary means to monitor food safety and protect consumers' health, and this is exactly what consumers expect. Under such circumstances, in order to solve this problem, the European Union has gradually established and perfected a food safety management system, which is the earliest food safety traceability system. This set of food safety management system is promoted by the government and covers the upstream and downstream of the entire food industry chain including food production bases, food processing enterprises and food terminal sales. Information is shared through special hardware equipment similar to bank teller machine systems to serve the end consumers.
国外研究的现状Current Situation of Foreign Studies
欧盟是最早的食品安全追溯体系的建立者，由于疯牛病的蔓延，早在 20 世纪 90 年代，欧盟各国便开始了对牛肉质量安全的追溯，并且纷纷对溯源系统进行研究。经过十几年的探索和实践应用，欧盟各国已经形成比较完善的食品追溯体系，实现了“从农场到餐桌”的全过程质量监管；2004 年，欧盟宣布：从下一年年初开始，凡在欧盟市场销售的水产类食品上必须要有可追溯标签；2007 年，欧盟实施了通过追溯食品各个关键点信息的 “Trace” 工程，该工程的宗旨是通过采集食品生产过程中的关键信息来对食品源头进行追溯查询。The European Union is the earliest founder of the food safety traceability system. Due to the spread of mad cow disease, as early as the 1990s, European Union countries began to trace the quality and safety of beef and began to study the traceability system one after another. After more than ten years of exploration and practical application, European Union countries have formed relatively perfect food traceability systems, realizing the whole process of quality supervision from farm to dining table. In 2004, the EU announced that from the beginning of the next year, all aquatic products sold in the EU market must have traceable labels. In 2007, the European Union implemented the " Trace" project to trace the information of key points in food. The purpose of this project is to trace the source of food by collecting key information in the food production process.
日本在食品追溯方面的研究与应用一直比较突出，不仅制定了完善的法律法规，在实践方面也取得了不小的成绩。2005 年，日本就建立了粮食产品认证体系，该体系要求对申请要求认证的粮食产品要对其所施用的化肥的名称、用量等信息进行明确标识。Japan's research and application in food traceability have been quite outstanding. It has not only formulated perfect laws and regulations, but also made great achievements in practice. In 2005, Japan established a food product certification system, which requires that food products applying for certification be clearly marked with information such as the name and amount of chemical fertilizer applied.
2002 年美国国会通过了《生物恐怖主义法令》，该规定指出在 2006 年 12 月前，美国本土的食品或者进口食品都必须通过产品上的批次号、代码号或者其他任何形式的有效信息以及记录来对生产原料进行追溯；美国食品药品监督管理局为了便于对食品的安全进行追溯，要求在 2003 年 12月中旬以前，在美国从事食品相关产业的部门，都必须向其进行登记；2011 年美国颁布的《FDA食品安全现代法案》要求企业必须将与食品相关的记录进行存档，并且对档案至少保留 2 年。In 2002, the U.S. Congress passed the Bioterrorism Act, which states that before December 2006, domestic food or imported food must be traced back to the raw materials of production through the batch number, code number or any other form of valid information and records on the product. In order to facilitate traceability of food safety, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration requires all departments engaged in food-related industries in the United States to register with them before the middle of December 2003. The FDA Food Safety Modern Act promulgated in the United States in 2011 requires enterprises to file food-related records and keep the files for at least 2 years.
国内研究的现状Current Situation of Domestic Research
相对于以上几个发达国家，我国对于溯源系统的认识与起步较晚，最早的溯源系统体系始于 2002 年，之后在不断的探索与应用中，我国也陆续制订了相关法律法规并逐步对各法律法规进行完善和改进。2003 年 8 月，卫生部公布了《食品安全行动计划》，该计划的主要目的是倡导未来五年中国的食品安全工作；《中华人民共和国农产品质量安全法》自 2006 年 11 月 1 日起施行，该法律规定国家将逐步实行农产品质量安全追溯制度，对农产品实现有效的“农田到餐桌”的全过程监管，从而保证农产品的质量安全；2009 年，我国出台了《大米》(GB1354-2009)，对大米的分类、质量标准以及检测指标等内容都做出了相关要求；同年，为了完善对食品与农产品的溯源规范，《产品可溯源性统一规范》与《农产品溯源信息标识与编码技术》相继出台。Compared with the above several developed countries, our country's understanding and starting of traceability system is relatively late. The earliest traceability system began in 2002, and after continuous exploration and application, our country has also gradually formulated relevant laws and regulations and gradually improved and perfected various laws and regulations. In August 2003, the Ministry of Health announced the Food Safety Action Plan, the main purpose of which is to advocate food safety work in China in the next five years. The " Law of the People's Republic of China on Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products" will come into force on November 1, 2006. The law stipulates that the country will gradually implement a traceability system for quality and safety of agricultural products to effectively supervise the whole process of " farmland to dining table", thus ensuring the quality and safety of agricultural products. In 2009, China issued " Rice" ( GB1354-2009 ), which made relevant requirements for rice classification, quality standards and testing indicators. In the same year, in order to improve the traceability standard for food and agricultural products, the unified standard for traceability of products and the identification and coding technology for traceability information of agricultural products were successively published.
有了完备的法律法规作为依托，我国学者也对大米溯源体系表现出了极大的研究热情。2009年，刘鹏等利用 EPC 编码体系，研究出了大米追溯编码方案；2014 年陈益能等人利用 RFID无线射频识别技术，对大米建立了基于有机 RFID 的溯源系统；2015 年，邵圣枝等通过稳定同位素质谱和等离子发射光谱质谱法来对大米的同位素与多元素的产地特征进行分析；2016 年，郑火国以食品链理论为基础，提出了食品安全追溯链的层次模型。Relying on complete laws and regulations, Chinese scholars have also shown great enthusiasm for the research of rice traceability system. In 2009, Liu Peng and others developed a rice traceability coding scheme using EPC coding system. In 2014, Chen Yineng and others established a traceability system for rice based on organic RFID using RFID wireless radio frequency identification technology. In 2015, Shao Shengzhi and others used stable isotope mass spectrometry and plasma emission spectrometry to analyze the origin characteristics of isotopes and multiple elements in rice. In 2016, Zheng Huoguo put forward a hierarchical model of food safety traceability chain based on the food chain theory.
在实践方面我国也发展迅速，各城市都纷纷建立了自己的食品安全溯源系统。2007 年，我国首个全球通用标识系统的可追溯体系在北京市开始试实施，消费者可以通过相应的终端设备对大米等产品包装袋上的条形码或者批号进行扫描来查询商品的生产地、原材料等信息；2012 年，黑龙江八五九农场 14 万亩水稻通过了农业部《农产品追溯项目审定》，这预示着今后八五九农场的水稻都有了自己的“身份证”；2015年至今，以重庆五盾科技有限公司为例的数家防伪科技公司及系统集成商已的建立了更完善产品溯源系统。In practice, China has also developed rapidly, and cities have set up their own food safety traceability systems. In 2007, the traceability system of China's first global universal identification system began to be implemented in Beijing on a trial basis. Consumers can scan bar codes or batch numbers on packaging bags of rice and other products through corresponding terminal equipment to inquire about information such as the place of production and raw materials of commodities. In 2012, 140,000 mu of rice in Heilongjiang 859 Farm passed the " Examination and Approval of Agricultural Products Traceability Project" issued by the Ministry of Agriculture, which indicates that all rice in 859 Farm will have their own " ID cards". Since 2015, several anti-counterfeiting technology companies and system integrators, taking Chongqing wudun technology co., ltd as an example, have established a more perfect product traceability system.
