NFC,是Near Field Communication的英文缩写，即近场通信。同时也可以称之为近距离无线通信，是一种短距离的高频无线通信技术，也是一种近距离秘密的通讯方式，采用NDEF(NFC Data Exchange Format)进行数据传输。NFC is the English abbreviation of Near Field Communication, that is, near field communication. At the same time, it can also be called near field communication, which is a short-range high-frequency wireless communication technology and a close-range secret communication method. NDEF(NFC Data Exchange Format ) is used for data transmission.

     2002年由Philips飞利浦公司与Sony索利公司共同联合开发而成.

     It was jointly developed by Philips Philips and Sony Sony Sony in 2002.

     2003年12月8日通过ISO/IEC（International Organization for Standardization/International Electrotechnical Commission）机构的审核而成为国际标准。On December 8, 2003, it passed the examination of ISO/IEC （International Organization for Standardization/International Electrotechnical Commission）organizations and became an international standard.

     2004年3月18日由ECMA（European Computer Manufacturers Association）认定为欧洲标准，已通过的标准编列有ISO/IEC 18092（NFCIP-1）、ECMA-340、ECMA-352、ECMA-356、ECMA-362、ISO/IEC 21481（NFCIP-2）。

     NFC近场通信技术是基于RFID技术发展起来的一种短距高频的无线电技术，允许电子设备之间进行非接触式点对点数据传输，交换数据。与RFID一样，近场通信信息也是通过频谱中无线频率部分的电磁感应耦合方式传递，但两者之间还是存在很大的区别。近场通信的传输范围比RFID小，RFID的传输范围可以达到0~1m，但由于近场通信采取了独特的信号衰减技术，相对于RFID来说近场通信具有成本低、带宽高、能耗低等特点。在13.56MHz频率运行于20厘米距离内。其传输速度有106 Kbit/秒、212 Kbit/秒或者424 Kbit/秒三种。NFC near-field communication technology is a short-range and high-frequency radio technology developed based on RFID technology, which allows contactless point-to-point data transmission and data exchange between electronic devices. Like RFID, near-field communication information is also transmitted through electromagnetic induction coupling in the radio frequency part of the spectrum, but there is still a big difference between the two. The transmission range of near-field communication is smaller than that of RFID, and the transmission range of RFID can reach 0~1m. However, due to its unique signal attenuation technology, near-field communication has the characteristics of low cost, high bandwidth and low energy consumption compared with RFID. Operating at a frequency of 13.56MHz within a distance of 20 cm. Its transmission speed is 106 Kbit/ sec, 212 Kbit/ sec or 424 Kbit/ sec.

      其原理非常简单，它可以通过主动与被动两种模式交换数据。在被动模式下，启动近场通信的设备，也称为发起设备（主设备），在整个通信过程中提供射频场(RF-field)。它可以选择106 kbps、212 kbps或424 kbps其中一种传输速度，将数据发送到另一台设备。另一台设备称为目标设备（从设备），不必产生射频场，而使用负载调制(load modulation)技术，以相同的速度将数据传回发起设备。而在主动模式下，发起设备和目标设备都要产生自己的射频场，以进行通信。The principle is very simple, it can exchange data through active and passive modes. In the passive mode, the device that initiates the near-field communication, also known as the initiating device ( master device ), provides a radio frequency field ( RF-field ) throughout the communication process. It can choose one of 106 kbps, 212 kbps or 424 kbps to send data to another device. The other device is called a target device ( slave device ). Instead of generating a radio frequency field, it uses load modulation technology to transmit data back to the originating device at the same speed. In the active mode, both the initiating device and the target device need to generate their own RF fields for communication.

      RFID,是英文Radio Frequency Identification的缩写，即射频识别，又称无线射频识别，是一种通信技术，可以通过无线电讯号识别特定目标并读写相关数据，而无需识别系统与特定目标之间建立机械或者光学接触。RFID is an abbreviation of Radio Frequency Identification in English, namely radio frequency identification, also known as radio frequency identification, is a communication technology that can identify specific targets and read and write relevant data through radio signals without establishing mechanical or optical contact between the identification system and the specific targets.

      无线电的信号是通过调成无线电频率的电磁场，把数据从附着在物品上的标签上传送出去，以自动辨识与追踪该物品。某些标签在识别时从识别器发出的电磁场中就可以得到能量，并不需要电池；也有标签本身拥有电源，并可以主动发出无线电波（调成无线电频率的电磁场）。标签包含了电子存储的信息，数米之内都可以识别。与条形码不同的是，射频标签不需要处在识别器视线之内，也可以嵌入被追踪物体之内。Radio signals transmit data from labels attached to articles through electromagnetic fields modulated into radio frequencies to automatically identify and track the articles. Some labels can get energy from the electromagnetic field emitted by the identifier during identification, and do not need batteries; There are also tags that have power and can actively emit radio waves ( electromagnetic fields tuned to radio frequencies ). The tag contains electronically stored information that can be recognized within a few meters. Unlike bar codes, RF tags do not need to be in sight of the identifier, but can also be embedded in the tracked object.

       从某种意义来说，RFID类似于条码扫描，对于条码技术而言，它是将已编码的条形码附着于目标物并使用专用的扫描读写器利用光信号将信息由条形磁传送到扫描读写器；而RFID则使用专用的RFID读写器及专门的可附着于目标物的RFID标签，利用频率信号将信息由RFID标签传送至RFID读写器。In a sense, RFID is similar to barcode scanning. For barcode technology, it attaches the encoded barcode to the target and uses a special scanning reader-writer to transmit information from the bar magnet to the scanning reader-writer using optical signals. While RFID uses a special RFID reader-writer and a special RFID tag that can be attached to the target, and uses frequency signals to transmit information from the RFID tag to the RFID reader - writer.

      空中接口通信协议规范 读写器与电子标签之间信息交互，目的是为 不同厂家生产设备之间的互联互通性。ISO/IEC制定五种频段的空中接口协议，这种思想充分体现 标准统一的相对性，一个标准是对相当广泛的应用系统的共同需求，但不是所有应用系统的需求，一组标准可以满足更大范围的应用需求。The air interface communication protocol regulates the information interaction between the reader and the electronic tag, aiming at the interoperability between equipment produced by different manufacturers. ISO/IEC formulates air interface protocols for five frequency bands. This idea fully reflects the relativity of unified standards. One standard is the common demand for a fairly wide range of application systems, but it is not the demand for all application systems. A set of standards can meet the needs of a wider range of applications

SO/IEC 18000-1 

ISO/IEC 18000-2适用于中频125～134KHz；

ISO/IEC 18000-3适用于高频段13.56MHz;

ISO/IEC 18000-4适用于微波段2.45GHz;

ISO/IEC 18000-6适用于微波段860～960MHz;

ISO/IEC 18000-7适用于超高频段433.92 MHz，属于有源电子标签。